充分利用你的电动机
获取以下步骤的更多信息,以确保维修或更换的电机的质量安装和可靠运行.
基本电机系统注意事项
S安全+环境考虑
电机数据+验证
电机基础+底座
电气连接
对准+振动
启动程序
电机/系统基线
确定电机/系统基线的方法
Find out more about these application-specific considerations for operational monitoring and maintenance.
基本电机系统注意事项
A motor system typically includes the power supply, mounting, coupling and driven equipment.
- 遵守所有适用的电气规范.
- 在操作电机之前,锁定并标记出所有潜在的能量来源.
- To avoid electrical faults, make sure connections are right and appropriately insulated. 不要使用线螺母.
- 在电机数据表上记录电机空载电流.
- 安装接线盒盖.

- 检查和清洁电机,使其恢复到出厂状态. If the motor has been subjected to vibration, disassemble it and check for bearing damage. 更换损坏的轴承. On grease-lubricated motors, the bearing cavities should have been filled with grease for storage.
- 为了保护绕组不受污染, 在加入润滑剂之前,先拆卸排水塞 指定在润滑板上. 然后通过空载运行电机10-20分钟,从轴承腔中清除旧的或多余的油脂,并更换泄油塞. 清洗后的油脂中是否有水分, 轴承可能生锈损坏,应更换.
- 如果电机已经存放了好几年, 油脂可能已经干燥或分离, 排水管可能被堵住了. 那样的话,就有必要 拆卸电机,清除旧油脂,重新包装轴承 用适量的指定润滑剂. To prevent winding contamination, drain oil-lubricated motors before moving them.
- 安装后, 用制造商推荐的润滑剂填满油箱. Test the winding’s insulation resistance and dielectric absorption ratio and record the results. If the IR and DAR test results are satisfactory, perform no-load test operation.
- 如果电机运转正常, 在关闭电源之前,让它达到全速. 在连接驱动负载之前,始终锁定并标记电机. 一旦电机和驱动负载运行正常, record the full-load voltage and current for all three phases on the motor data sheet for this installation. 如果可能,还要记录输入功率和负载.
- 如果电机是这样配置的, 监测轴承和绕组温度 直到它们达到稳定状态. 记录这些值以及环境温度和湿度. 关键应用, record the initial vibration signature of the complete machine as a baseline for a predictive maintenance program.
最大化设备寿命, 将电机数据表中的基线安装数据与未来的测试结果进行比较,作为预防性或预测性维护计划的一部分. Trending the data helps operators recognize changing conditions and prevent catastrophic failures. 如果发生故障,趋势也可以帮助确定原因.
专业技巧 当地服务中心的专业人员可以提供宝贵的资源. 在你身边找一个.
- 负载电流、速度和端电压. These changes usually indicate that a vital system component is damaged or about to fail. 其他电气测试可能包括绝缘电阻, 已知温度下的铅对铅电阻, 空载电流, 空载电压, 开始时的特点.
专业技巧 Some changes in the 当前的一个nd speed may be normal, depending on the type of load.
- 电机电流特征分析. 本试验诊断鼠笼转子问题. 如果在发动机使用寿命的早期建立基线,则会更准确.
- 机械测试. 这些通常包括测量轴跳动和检查软脚.
- 振动. 虽然整体振动读数可以用作基线数据, Fast Fourier Transform spectra in all three planes at each bearing housing are preferred.
- 红外温度记录. This tool can detect changes in the operating temperature of critical motor components, 尤其是轴承.
- 新电机基线. 将工厂终端绕组电阻和空载放大器与负载下采集的数据进行比较,在监测新电机的状况或排除系统问题时非常有用. 工厂基准通常可以从制造商或其网站上获得. 工厂数据的准确性取决于它是如何获得的, 但通常在野外使用就足够了.
Baseline data for a newly installed motor could reveal an error and prevent a premature motor failure. Rather than simply “bumping” a motor for rotation before coupling it to the load, 运行足够长的时间以测量所有三相的线路电流, 还有电压和振动水平.
专业技巧 比较故障电机及其替代品的基线可以揭示系统中与应用或工艺相关的弱点.
修复电机基线. Service centers usually provide no-load and/or full-load test data for repaired motors, 包括电压, 当前的一个Nd振动谱. 将这些结果与历史基线和电机返回服务时现场获得的结果进行比较,可以确认维修质量或可能揭示潜在的系统问题. 适用于已运行多年的新修电机, 基线比较对于根本原因故障分析是无价的,甚至可能暴露某些类型的故障造成的间接损害. 正确识别因果关系,防止再次发生, 始终在系统层面调查设备故障.
Power factor is the ratio of kW (kilowatts) to kVA (kilovolt-amperes) in an AC circuit, 对于给定的负载(kW),哪个在0到1之间.
提高低功率因数将减少通过电机电源线和其他设备的电流,从而减少加热和热老化. It may also reduce energy costs (where applicable) by decreasing or eliminating electrical utility surcharges for low power factor.
This figure shows where power factor correction capacitors could be installed in a motor circuit. 位置2 通常最适合大多数电机,和 位置3 通常比 位置1.
- 位置2 or 3 电机离线时均离线; 位置1 总是充满活力. This could lead to overvoltages and transient torques if other motors or other inductive equipment are on the bus.
- 位置3 requires downsizing the protective devices because of the reduced current flow.
- 位置3 could introduce high amplitude switching transients or current surges into motors that jog or switch frequently–e.g., 电梯, 多速, 开路过渡自耦变压器或眼三角起动电动机, and some part-winding start motors (except so-called extended- or double-delta models). 位置1 对这样的应用来说更好吗.
专业技巧 Use power quality monitoring equipment to detect haronics and filters to control them, 延长电机的使用寿命.
充分利用你的电动机
这本40页的小册子提供了很好的建议,以获得最长的, most efficient and cost-effective operation from general and definite purpose electric motors.
这本小册子的主题包括:
- 安装、启动和基线信息
- 运行监控和维护
- 电机和基线安装数据
- 如何阅读电机铭牌
- 运动存储建议
easa从行业出版物撰写的文章
影响运动健康的四大因素
平衡工厂维护成本和活动与实现生产目标的需要是大多数维护专业人员每天面临的挑战. 由于电机驱动系统往往是这一动态的关键组成部分, this article looks at some best practices to help it achieve those goals and meet customer demands.
采用新的ANSI/ASA轴对中标准
校准两台旋转机器的程序需要测量它们的相对轴位置,并调整一台或两台机器. Until recently, though, how closely the shafts need to be aligned was an open question. That changed with the publication of American National Standards Institute/Acoustical Society of America (ANSI/ASA) standard 2.75-17.
晃动的形状
This webcast will focus on identifying resonance and then move to methods that help 可视化 振动运动,帮助确定解决方案.
评估电机噪音
Determining the source of noise in a motor is often much more challenging than correcting it. 然而, a methodical approach to investigating noise can narrow down the possible causes and therefore make resolution easier.
交流电机额定负载的简单方法
在将交流机器投入使用之前, 确保其工作等级符合应用要求. Otherwise, there’s a good chance excessive heat will degrade the machine’s windings.
拒绝这些运动迷思
半开玩笑地说:“如果它是黑白的, it must be right” is a helpful reminder that not everything we read (or hear) is accurate or complete. It’s always best to check sources and verify facts before accepting consequential statements as true. This article provides a selection of common misconceptions about three-phase squirrel-cage motors and the facts that deny them.
泵和泵电机的尺寸
End users or service centers often need to specify replacement pumps or pump motors, 有时涉及改造或重新应用项目. 成功的结果取决于对应用需求的准确评估和对控制泵性能的参数的良好理解.
打破九个常见的运动神话
Here’s a random collection of common misconceptions about three-phase squirrel-cage motors and the facts that deny them.
电机噪声:如何识别原因并实施解决方案
Determining the source of noise in an electric motor is often more challenging than correcting it. 有条不紊的调查方法, 然而, can narrow the possibilities and make it easier to resolve the issue—with one caveat. 如果噪声是由于电机设计中的某些问题引起的(例如.g., a manufacturing defect or anomaly), a solution may be impossible or impractical.
电机存储的最佳实践
Storing an electric motor for more than a few weeks involves several steps to ensure it will operate properly when needed. 温度等因素, humidity and ambient vibration in the storage area also influence the choice of storage methods, some of which may be impractical for smaller machines or need to be reversed before the motor goes into storage.
建议:高或低电压对电机性能的影响
确保房车电气设备的可靠性, 尤其是电动机, 露营者必须知道他们的房车所使用的连接的服务电压. Teaching consumers to check that before they plug in the vehicle could save them many headaches.
立式涡轮泵轴升程调整
垂直涡轮泵(VTP)通常具有由垂直泵电机支持的多个混流叶轮(有时为12个或更多)的转子. Such designs offer a lift adjustment for raising or lowering the pump rotor to properly position the impellers within the bowl. 取决于泵的类型, this may be critical for maximizing pump efficiency and could have a significant impact on motor load (current) and reliability.
立式涡轮泵的上推力如何产生及控制措施
Why permanent magnet motors and reluctance motors are finding increased industry application
熟悉工业电动机的人几十年来一直听说“直流电已死”,因为用于交流鼠笼式感应电动机(SCIMs)的变频驱动(VFD)技术的进步似乎注定要在所有可能的应用中取代直流电.
但就像DC的灭亡被夸大了一样, 无论是用于新应用还是替换电机,后续技术很快取代已安装的scim基础的前景也是如此.
提高电机可靠性
无论采用何种方法检测绕组温度, 总, 或者热点, temperature is the real limit; and the lower it is, 更好的. 不要让过热过早地杀死你的马达.
将电机从水平安装转换为垂直安装
Occasionally an end user wants to take a motor designed for horizontal mounting and use it in a vertical position. 本文解决了在垂直安装位置应用水平滚珠轴承电机时应考虑的一些关键机械因素.
如何处理潮湿或淹水的电机
热带风暴过后的洪水, 包括飓风, 季风和气旋, and with their associated heavy rainfall can shut down hundreds of plants along the Gulf Coast, 从佛罗里达到德克萨斯, 在世界其他地方也是如此. 而且他们这样做的频率越来越高. 让他们重新运转起来, 维修部门和电机维修人员面临着清理数千台电动机和发电机上的污垢和湿气的艰巨任务. 这种情况下的处理过程可能需要数周时间, 如果不是几个月, and requires special clean-up procedures for motors contaminated by saltwater.
离心泵的磨损环间隙
One of the most common repairs on centrifugal pumps is replacing worn or damaged wear rings. 恢复效率, 可靠运行,防止灾难性泵故障, it is critical to restore proper clearances between the stationary casing wear ring and the rotating impeller wear ring. Although many pump manufacturers provide clearances and dimensions, some do not. There are plenty of aging pumps around from now-defunct manufacturers for which dimension data is simply not available.
在这种情况下, the rule of thumb that follows provides some guidance for acceptable running clearances, or the minimum running clearance chart in American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 610 can be used as a guide.
使用vfd与标准电机的注意事项
需要速度和/或转矩控制的最终用户通常会购买变频驱动器(vfd)来修改已有标准感应电机的现有应用. Frequently, they try to control costs by using that existing standard induction motor. Before taking that path, 然而, it is best to consider a few areas of concern with the approach.
选择更换三相鼠笼电动机
Selection of replacement motors is usually straightforward if the ratings are equivalent. 然而,有时,不同类型的电机是必要的或可取的. 在这些情况下取得成功, it is essential that the replacement motor provide the required performance — and do so reliably.
了解你的防护等级代码
国际电工委员会(IEC)标准60529, 外壳提供的保护程度(IP代码),” addresses the degrees of protection for electrical machines (motors and generators). The “IP” acronym means “international protection” but is sometimes referred to as “ingress protection.” The IP code is commonly displayed on the nameplates of metric machines that are manufactured to IEC standards.
EASA解释即将出台的泵标准
从2020年1月开始,美国将在.S. 美国能源部(DOE)将开始实施首个淡水旋转动力(离心和轴流)泵的能效标准. 这些标准将直接影响到泵制造商和, 在较小程度上, 水泵维修市场, while ultimately benefiting end users if the new focus can reduce their energy costs.
铭牌里有什么?
Whether you're selecting a motor for a new application or a replacement for one that has failed, 您需要一种可靠的方法来匹配各种电机的功能和性能特征与应用程序的要求.
电机维修趋势:6个因素评价
当面对一个生病或失败的电机, 核电站操作人员通常会考虑是维修还是更换. According to a 2014 study conducted by Plant Engineering magazine for the Electrical Apparatus and Service Association (EASA), 只有一半以上的工厂有自动更换低于一定马力等级的故障电动机的政策. While that horsepower rating varied depending upon the plant’s installed motor population, 平均评分为30马力.
虽然这些政策只针对大多数工厂使用的部分电机, 它们不包括那些马达发生的事情. 这个问题在欧洲航空安全局最近委托的一个研究项目中得到了解决,该项目的重点是考虑维修的电动机的处置.
立式涡轮泵维修的最佳实践
立式涡轮泵(vtp)是石油化工行业的主力设备, 发电和制造业, and prolific in municipal water applications that handle the primary intake load. 尽管这些机器构造粗糙, 泵中的研磨性沉积物会造成损失, 特别是在线轴和泵碗轴承上, 因此,定期检修通常是必要的. 而不是简单地更换轴承, 然而, it is important that repairs address all of the issues needed to restore maximum operating life.